echinochloa esculenta

Veeranagamallaiah, G., Puli, C., Jyothsnakumari, G., and Sudhakar, C. (2007). VR and AK revised and prepared the final draft of the manuscript. Echinochloa species have very few cultivatable forms and thereby are cultivated as minor millet by marginal farmers in warmer and temperate regions of the world. Finally, when these challenges are overcome, barnyard millet, being nutritionally sound and environmentally hardy, is going to be a promising crop for sustainable food and nutritional security in future climate scenarios. Therefore, there is an immense need to develop an efficient transformation system for barnyard millet in the future so that it also paves the way for functional genomics studies related to tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses as well as micronutrient traits. Basic information EPPO Code: ECHUT Preferred name: Echinochloa esculenta Authority: (Braun) Scholz Notes Japan. Vanniarajan, C., Anand, G., Kanchana, S., Arun Giridhari, V., and Renganathan, V. G. (2018). doi: 10.1007/s12600-010-0135-3. (2019) showed that among the 89 Echinochloa accessions, CO (Kv) 2, MDU 1, PRJ1, TNEf 301, TNEf 204, TNEf 361, TNEf 364, and VL 29 exhibited better germination as compared to the rice variety, White Ponni, at 200 mM NaCl concentration. [10], Among the plant pathogens that affect this genus are the sac fungus Cochliobolus sativus, which has been noted on common barnyard grass, and rice hoja blanca virus. In contrast, early maturing (5890 days) genotypes were mostly found in the Northern States of India. Among the repeats, GT (dimer), AGG and AGA (trimer), CAAA (tetra), TGTTT (penta), and AGACGA (hexa) were the most common type of repeat motifs in barnyard millet. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101868. (2017). Genetic diversity in the barnyard millet (Echinochola frumentacea) germplasms revealed by morphological traits and simple sequence repeat markers. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.17061, Yuichiro, M., Shinya, U., and Yamaguchi, H. (1999). doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2012.01983.x, Lee, J., Kim, C.-S., and Lee, I.-Y. Weed Turfgrass Sci. Genome-wide association study of major agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) Using ddRAD sequencing. Echinochloa esculenta is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. Genet. Barnyard millet grains are usually parboiled-dehulled-cooked and consumed in a similar way to rice (Surekha et al., 2013). Kannan, S. M., Thooyavathy, R. A., Kariyapa, R. T., Subramanian, K., and Vijayalakshmi, K. (2013). Weed Biol. Among the species E. crus-galli (652), E. oryzicola (126), E. phyllopogon (96), E. colona (76), E. pyramidalis (46), E. esculenta (44), E. frumentacea (43), and E. oryzoides (32) hold the maximum number of sequences (Figure 3B). spp. 22, 116. J. Three copies of gene clusters related to the biosynthesis of DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), a unique allelopathic compound reported in maize (Frey et al., 2009), were found in the E. crus-galli genome and each of them showed a perfect synteny with segments of BX1-5 and BX8 of the maize genome. 102, 17531756. 19, 277323. 16, 493450. Ishikawa, G., Seimiya, Y., Saito, M., Nakamura, T., and Hoshino, T. (2013). Identification of microsatellite markers for finger millet genomics application through cross transferability of rice genomic SSR markers. Mol. Tokyo, Sect. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) has now superseded the previous microarray technologies and a huge number of genomic resources are being generated in a cost and time effective manner (Weber, 2015). Acad. Nat. 56, 24012409. Although native to tropical Asia, barnyard grass can be found throughout the world, thriving in moist cultivated and waste areas. Based on this, Lohani et al. Rep. 41, 30813090. It requires about 12 min to cook. More recently, the ESTs markers also been proven to be a very informative and effective tool for the analysis of genetic diversity in many small millets. Available at: http://www.ciks.org/downloads/seeds/5.%20Seed%20Production%20Techniques%20for%20Cereals%20and%20Millets.pdf (Accessed August 09, 2019). 14, 7178. Gupta, A., Mahajan, V., and Gupta, H. S. (2010b). In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Front. Disulfide-stabilized helical hairpin structure and activity of a novel antifungal peptide EcAMP1 from seeds of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). esculenta; known as Japanese barnyard millet, originated from wild E. crus-galli (L.) (Barnyard grass) was domesticated some 4,000 years ago in the temperate regions of Japan (De Wet et al., 1983; Doggett, 1989). The third, E. colona-frumentacea complex, consists of one wild species, E. colona, and one major cultivated species, E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet). Biotechnol. (2014). Crop Prot. (2018). landraces for agro-morphological traits and disease resistance. Transferability details of cross cereal species markers to barnyard millet. Biotechnol. Evol. (USDA NCRS., 2002) [24]. Bandyopadhyay, B. Citation 1983).It is also believed to have as a domesticated species directly derived from the wild millet barnyard . The resistant starch in barnyard millet has shown to lower blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides in rats (Kumari and Thayumanavan, 1998). The wondrous cycles of polyploidy in plants. Variation in seed dormancy in Echinochloa and the development of a standard protocol for germination testing. It is robust with course, hairless leaves 4-20 in (10-50 cm) long (Mitchell, 1989) has . The moisture level of barnyard millet grain highly influences the quality as well as the time of milling and polishing (Lohani et al., 2012). Molecular identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. But, interspecific hybrids between two cultivated species and their respective wild counterparts, E. esculenta E. frumentacea and E. crus-galli E. colona, showed irregular meiotic division that leads to sterility (Yabuno, 1966, 1984). Among millets, the whole genome sequencing was completed in sorghum, pearl millet, foxtail millet, finger millet, and proso millet by various researchers (Zhang et al., 2012; Mace et al., 2013; Hittalmani et al., 2017; Varshney et al., 2017; Zou et al., 2019). doi: 10.1007/bf02858881, Bennetzen, J. L., Schmutz, J., Wang, H., Percifield, R., Hawkins, J., Pontaroli, A. C., et al. Indian J. Genet. Cross transferability of finger millet and maize genomic SSR markers for genetic diversity and population structure analysis of barnyard millet. Plant Biotechnol. Kaya, H., Demirci, M., and Tanyolac, B. Echinochloa frumentacea subsp. Nutr. Exp. Mainly, SSR markers obtained from the cereals and millets were successfully utilized to characterize the barnyard millet germplasm. 5, 248253. Ecol. 3. Mechanisms of action of plant growth promoting bacteria. The cultivated barnyard millet is an annual, robust, and tall crop that grows up to a height of 220 cm (Denton, 1987; Padulosi et al., 2009). 78, 364372. Nat. 10, 659666. Plant Sci. [4], Echinochloa is derived from Greek and means 'hedgehog-grass'. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.06.007, Okada, M., Hanson, B. D., Hembree, K. J., Peng, Y., Shrestha, A., Wright, D., et al. 77, 295304. 53:47. doi: 10.1023/A:1008083020810, Kuraloviya, M., Vanniarajan, C., Vetriventhan, M., Babu, C., Kanchana, S., and Sudhagar, R. (2019). 36: 93 (1985). doi: 10.1017/S1479262109990141. doi: 10.1007/s13258-011-0102-5, Zou, C., Li, L., Miki, D., Li, D., Tang, Q., Xiao, L., et al. 50, 4952. (2009). Appl. doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1022, Kim, J. Y., Chang, J. K., Park, B.-R., Han, S.-I., Choi, K.-J., Kim, S.-Y., et al. Hybridization is a difficult task in small millets, however, the hot water-based method followed by the contact method of crossing was found to be effective in finger millet (Raj et al., 1964; Nandini and Fakrudin, 1999) and foxtail millet (Siles et al., 2001). Int. Nazni, P., and Shobana, D. R. (2016). For instance, utilizing five SSR markers, 155 accessions of Echinochloa species including E. esculenta (49), E. crus-galli (94), and E. esculenta var. The study found that the germinated flour exhibited decreased bulk density and porosity (air spacing) than raw rice flour. Figure 1. Leaves with ligule absent; blade 5-25 mm wide. 53, 314321. Res. So far, six hundred and one exotic barnyard millet accessions have been introduced into India between the period of 1976 and 2007 to increase the food and fodder production (Gomashe, 2017). So far, several stress tolerance genes were identified in barnyard millet, but the function of these genes has not been tested by overexpression studies, mainly due to the lack of a genetic transformation system. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.013, Li, G., Wu, S. G., Yu, R. X., Cang, T., Chen, L. P., Zhao, X. P., et al. Gupta, A., Mahajan, V., Kumar, M., and Gupta, H. (2009). doi: 10.1007/s11947-011-0518-6, Lule, D., de Villiers, S., Fetene, M., Odeny, D. A., Rathore, A., Das, R. R., et al. In particular, common barnyard grass (E. crus-galli) is notorious as a weed. US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, "The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echinochloa&oldid=1123396532, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 14:21. Evol. Hyderabad: Indian Institute of Millets Research. World area, production, and productivity scenario of small millets (from IIMR, 2018). Appl. Eventually, using the available literature in the published reports, we concluded that EST-derived SSR markers had higher cross-genome amplification than genomic SSR markers, indicating higher conservation of the former than the latter across the species of the grass family. Seetharam, A., Gowda, J., and Halaswamy, J. H. (2003). Observation on the hot water technique of emasculation of ragi flowers (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). 34, 12611279. Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and relationships in Indian and non-Indian genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) using genomic SSR markers. Difference in SSR Variations between Japanese Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa esculenta) and its Wild Relative E. crus-galli. In a clinical study with human volunteers, Ugare et al. Zee, S. Y., and Obrien, T. P. (1971). Over the past decades, very limited attempts have been made to study the features of this crop. Proc. PLoS One 11:e0159437. doi: 10.1007/s00122-014-2399-3, Muza, F. R., Lee, D. J., Andrews, D. J., and Gupta, S. C. (1995). Collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses (though this may also refer to E. crus-galli specifically), and are also known as barnyard millets or billion-dollar grasses. Beauv.]. Ugare et al. 12, 78357845. (2017). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073514, Bajwa, A., Jabran, K., Shahid, M., Ali, H. H., Chauhan, B., and Ehsanullah (2015). Agric. Therefore, support from non-government organizations (NGOs) can help in increasing awareness among the farmers, stakeholders, nutritionists, and consumers to adopt and promote barnyard millet cultivation as well as consumption. The further validation of eight SSRs in four E. phyllopogon population resulted in 66 alleles with an average of 3.14.8 alleles from locus per population. Morphological and isozyme diversity in the accessions of two cultivated species of barnyard millet. Weed Biol. More research is necessary, however, because they may not be host-specific enough to be of practical use. QTL-seq analysis identifies two genomic regions determining the heading date of foxtail millet. Bot. Barnyard millet: present status and future thrust areas. Cross-genera transferability of rice and finger millet genomic SSRs to barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.). Construction of a foxtail millet linkage map and mapping of spikelet-tipped bristles1 (stb1) by using transposon display markers and simple sequence repeat markers with genome sequence information. The sequenced-based markers are more desirable in genetic diversity studies due to their co-dominant, reproducible, highly polymorphic, and effective utilization in many crop plants (Lin et al., 2011). (2014b). Front. 96, 598606. The genetic makeup of a global barnyard millet germplasm collection. 3, 325328. Mol. In this review, we highlight the importance of barnyard millet in the current scenario and discuss the up-to-date status of genetic and genomics research and the research gaps to be worked upon by suggesting directions for future research to make barnyard millet a potential crop in contributing to food and nutritional security. Sorghum and millets, like other cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize, are cultivated flowering plant species of the grass family Poaceae (commonly known as Gramineae), whose seeds are used for human food and animal feed (Wrigley, 2004 ). Sci. Echinochloa esculenta Synonyms - Echinochloa utilis Order - Poales Family - Poaceae Names: Echinochloa is from the Greek echinos meaning hedge hog and chloe meaning grass and refers to the bristly seed head. J. Sci. Genetic diversity of various morphological traits of barnyard millet. (2019) used EST-SSR markers developed from the cultivated, E. frumentacea transcriptome sequence to analyze the genetic diversity of Indian barnyard millet germplasm. This Panicoideae article is a stub. (2018b). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. (2017). E. utilis var. PLoS One 9:e101868. The cooking and flour quality of the grain are primary standards to assess consumer acceptability. Barnyard millet belongs to the genus Echinochloa, the family Poaceae, and the sub-family Panicoideae (Clayton and Renvoize, 2006). Sci. (2012). Identification of QTLs for 14 agronomically important traits in Setaria italica based on SNPs generated from high-throughput sequencing. Sci. Genome and Transcriptome sequence of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) doi: 10.1093/dnares/dst002. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) Kit. 5, 210218. J. Both wild and cultivated Echinochloa species are different from each other in terms of growth habitat, general morphology, and other characteristics (Table 1). This makes barnyard millet an ideal food not only for people with lifestyle diseases, but also for anemic patients and especially women in developing countries. For instance, a recent investigation from Arthi et al. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2825-7. Ruiz-Santaella, P. J., Bastida, F., Franco, A., and Prado, R. (2006). Identification of putative QTLs for seedling stage phosphorus starvation response in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Crop Prot. (2019). (2014). doi: 10.1017/S0043174500079078, Surekha, N., Ravikumar, S. N., Mythri, S., and Rohini, D. (2013). Agric. Plant Breed. Improv. Phenotypic analysis of anther and pollen in diversified genotype of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae) floral characters. Besides, the phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the waxy gene sequences are highly conserved among grass species. Agric. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.015, Muldoon, D. K. (1985). Springerplus 5, 111. Echinochloa esculenta is cultivated both for grain and forage, like E. frumentacea, and the two are most easily distinguished by the color of the seeding heads. The effect of photoperiod on the growth and development of Echinochloa spp. 2:9. With regard to cereals, the maximum number of germplasms were registered in paddy and wheat mainly for biotic stress related traits (Radhamani et al., 2011). The interspecific hybrids between wild species and its progenitor, i.e., E. crus-galli E. esculenta and E. colona E. frumentacea produce normal meiotic division (27 bivalents) i.e., fertile. Similarly, Echinochloa species are also the preferable choice of farmers for cultivation in various adverse environments such as those prone to drought or flooding. Mol. Echinochloa esculenta is thought to be a cul-tivated derivative of E. crusgalli that arose in China, Japan, and Korea. (Panel 6) Anther color variation (a) white, (b) light purple, and (c) dark purple. Besides its superior feed quality, higher digestibility and nitrogen concentrations have meant barnyard millet is used as a potential livestock feed crop in the dry areas of the Deccan plateau to the extreme hills of the temperate sub-Himalayan region (Singh and Singh, 2005; Bandyopadhyay, 2009; Yadav and Yadav, 2013; Sood et al., 2015). Screening barnyard millet germplasm against grain smut (Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld). Int. Aust. doi: 10.1007/s13258-013-0110-8, Odintsova, T. I., Rogozhin, E. A., Baranov, Y., Musolyamov, A. K., Yalpani, N., Egorov, T. A., et al. In addition, a lower phytate (3.303.70 mg/100 g) content in grains (Panwar et al., 2016) followed by the dehulling process has also decreased phytic acids significantly, favoring the bioavailability of minerals. Japanese millet. (2009). Therefore, core and mini-core collections representing maximum diversity as well as bi-parental and multiparent populations have to be established and evaluated for various nutritional and agronomic traits. doi: 10.1007/s40011-013-0296-1. Sung, S.-J., Leather, G. R., and Hale, M. G. (1987). [1][2][3] It is referred to by the common names Japanese barnyard millet or Japanese millet, is a species of Echinochloa that is cultivated on a small scale in India, Japan, China and Korea, both as a food and for animal fodder. Screening of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) germplasm for salinity tolerance. barnyard grass, (Echinochloa crus-galli), also called barnyard millet or cockspur grass, coarse tufted grass of the family Poaceae, a noxious agricultural weed. The quadripartite structure generally confers a major impact on the evolution of plastome sequences of an organism (Yang et al., 2013). Transcriptomic analysis, genic ssr development, and genetic diversity of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum;Poaceae). Cytologia 49, 673678. Gene 531, 489495. They are less susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Technol. Seed fortification studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) cv. Characterization of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) (Panel 4) Grain variation in color and size of different barnyard millet accessions (a) straw white, medium (b) light gray, bold (c) gray, medium, and (d) dark gray, narrow. Microsatellite markers of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv) provide resources for cross-genome transferability and genetic diversity analyses in other millets. Although the total minerals, ash, fat, and amino acid content in barnyard millet were although comparable with other cereals and millets, the iron content in the grain was significantly higher than others. G3 7, 15871594. Breed. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) Tzvelev Echinochloa frumentacea var. Food crops for waterfowl, in Fireside Waterfowler: Fundamentals of Duck and Goose Ecology, eds D. E. Wesley and W. G. Leitch, (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books), 352. Table 1. Genetic variability for panicle characters in indigenous and exotic barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Both affect many other grass species, in particular most important cereals, and Echinochloa weeds may serve as a reservoir. Toxicol. Sci. Plant Breed. 63, 755760. Conclusively, progress in barnyard millet genome mapping remains slow and is still in its initial stage. Genera Graminum: Grasses of the world in Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIII, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Panicle erect, 7-20 cm long, dense with erect or spreading branches. (2000) obtained 90 polymorphic bands using 21 primer pairs with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer and Ruiz-Santaella et al. Strategies for the improvement of micronutrients in barnyard millet are presented in Figure 6, which are also applicable to other agronomic traits. 97, 107110. The size of IR, LSC, and SSC regions varied from 22,618 to 22,748, 81,837 to 82,053, and 12,518 to 12,519 bp, respectively. 75, 151162. Cytotaxonomic studies on the two cultivated species and the wild relatives in the genus Echinochloa. 6:157. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00157, Guo, L., Qiu, J., Ye, C.-Y., Jin, G., Lingfeng, M., Zhang, H., et al. Comparative genomics and association mapping approaches for blast resistant genes in finger millet using SSRs. Sridhar, R., and Lakshminarayana, G. (1992). Seed node of the Revitalizing Rainfed Agriculture Network Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIICS). Food Sci. 46, 144155. Crop Evol. Development and germination of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seeds. Later on, a significant development in the sequencing technologies further eliminated the limitations present in the RAPD, RFLP, and AFLP techniques through sequence-based markers such as SSRs, EST-SSRs (Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats), and SNPs. Graphical representations of literature and nucleotide sequence availability. PLoS One 10:e0134419. doi: 10.15740/HAS/FSRJ/6.2/285-291, Jia, G., Huang, X., Zhi, H., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Q., Li, W., et al. The most notable of these are Japanese millet ( E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet ( E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet ( E. stagnina) in West Africa. Despite barnyard millets excellent nutritional and agronomic value, the lack of awareness has led this crop to be considered as a neglected and underutilized crop. India made a series of collaborative exploration missions (i.e., Indo-Australian missions, Indo-Japanese missions, and Indo-Soviet protocol) for the improvement of barnyard millet and other millets with different countries across the world. Hou, S., Sun, Z., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Ling, H., Xing, G., et al. 35, 13841398. Dormancy release and germination of Echinochloa crus-galli grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity. (2018a;b) compared rice, maize, and finger millet gSSRs for cross species amplification in barnyard millet and reported that maize and finger millet SSRs exhibited higher PIC values, efficient cross species amplification, and polymorphism percentage than rice SSRs. J. Eur. Austin J. Nutr. Similarly, polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques were successfully applied for species identification in E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli (Yamaguchi et al., 2005; Yasuda et al., 2006). Nutritional and biological importance of the weed Echinochloa colona: a review. (2016). J. Chem. On the other hand, Babu et al. Resour. Agric. (2014), also found that the rice genic SSR primers from calcium transporters and calcium kinases group showed 100% and 72.2% cross transferability, respectively, in barnyard millet. by association mapping and cross species synteny analysis. [citation needed], Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. 5, 2224. Sci. 6, 888898. Comparative genomics studies brought considerable benefit to barnyard millet crop. Cytogenetic data suggest that Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely related to E. crus-galli (Yabuno 1984). Veg. Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Genotoxic and antimutagenic activities of extracts from pseudocereals in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. doi: 10.1508/cytologia.27.296. The genus Echinochloa belongs to the tribe Paniceae, subfamily Panicoideae of the family Poaceae (Clayton and Renvoize 2006).Barnyard millet (Echinochloa sp.) Though self-pollination is a strict rule, the reception of stigmatic branches before dehiscence of anther provides some chances for cross-pollination (Seetharam et al., 2003). Res. 26:297. doi: 10.5958/j.2229-4473.26.2.088, Qie, L., Jia, G., Zhang, W., Schnable, J., Shang, Z., Li, W., et al. Plant Genome 08, 01-07. doi: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.10.0067, Wang, J., Wang, Z., Du, X., Yang, H., Han, F., Han, Y., et al. PLoS One 12:e0183261. Production of a fully waxy line and analysis of waxy genes in the allohexaploid crop, Japanese barnyard millet. (2014). Table 6. Combining ability for quantitative traits in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Association mapping of agro-morphological characters among the global collection of finger millet genotypes using genomic SSR markers. Figure 3. Evol. Hence, SSRs and SNPs markers developed from E. phyllopogon may be very useful in studying not only the diversity, origin, and distribution of herbicides-resistant population (Osuna et al., 2011; Okada et al., 2013), but also for predicting gene location and molecular breeding in cultivated types. (2008). Plant Breed. & Anaya, A. Huang, S.W. (2014). (A) PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) (B) nucleotide sequence (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. is one of the oldest domesticated millets in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa.Of around 35 species (Table 1), two main species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz; syn. It is a domesticated species derived from wild millet barnyardgrass ( E. crus-galli [11] Insect pests include Atherigona falcata, the barnyard millet shoot fly. Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Development and use of novel SSR markers for molecular genetic diversity in Italian millet (Setaria italica L.). The biology of Canadian weeds, Echinochloa crus- galli (L.) Beauv. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of plant responses to stress in inherently stress-tolerant crops such as barnyard millet will be useful in developing highly stress-tolerant cultivars. However, the progress of barnyard millet breeding programs is very slow due to the lack of genetic and genomic resources. 38, 2124. Sci. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Echinochloa, in Natural History of Genus Echinochloa, eds T. Yabuno and H. Yamaguchi, (Tokyo: Daw Elanco/Dow Chemical Company), 1628. 59, 195201. Suitability of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) for development of low glycemic index biscuits. It is the fourth most produced minor millet, providing food security to many poor people across the world. Table 3. As of 2019, the genomic resources available in the NCBI domain include 1,246 nucleotide sequences, 822 gene sequences, 2,468 protein sequences, 105 short read archive (SRA) sequences, 74 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), and one Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset related to various species of Echinochloa. (2017). 5, 354360. Early in the period of molecular marker research, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were utilized to access the genetic diversity and phylogeny among Echinochloa species (Hilu, 1994). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099182, Babu, B. K., Pandey, D., Agrawal, P. K., Sood, S., and Kumar, A. doi: 10.1508/cytologia.49.673, Yabuno, T. (1987). The genus Echinochloa comprises of two major species, Echinochloa esculenta and Echinochloa frumentacea, which are predominan Observation Search (11 records) Plant Characteristics. This could be mainly due to the reorganization of gene copy number and structure during the course of evolution or speciation. Food Bioprocess Technol. E. frumentacea is known as Indian Barnyard millet, and E. esculenta is known as Japanese barnyard millet (Sood et al., 2015a). Although the deep physiological dormancy in E. crus-galli grain was the most probable feature for its prolonged existence (Song et al., 2015), the innate dormancy present in cultivated Echinochloa species further hinders the evaluation or multiplication of seeds in germplasm conservation centers (Kovach et al., 2010). Echinochloa esculenta is an annual grasslike herb that is not native to California. The word "cereal" is derived from the name Ceres, the Roman goddess of grain. Identification of polyploid groups in the genus Echinochloa by isozyme analysis. 35, 211215. Plant Breed. 15 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Origin, Taxonomy and Genomic Relationship of, Plant Architecture, Floral Biology and Seed Traits, Relevance of Barnyard Millet in Climate Change and Nutritional Security, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.00500/full#supplementary-material, http://www.aicrpsm.res.in/Downloads/Publications//A%20compendium%20of%20Insect%20pests%20of%20FM%20&%20other%20SM.pdf, http://www.ciks.org/downloads/seeds/5.%20Seed%20Production%20Techniques%20for%20Cereals%20and%20Millets.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Soc. Barnyard millet (Echinochloa species) is an ancient millet crop grown in warm and temperate regions of the world and widely cultivated in Asia, particularly India, China, Japan, and Korea. (2013). BMC Genomics 18:465. doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-3850-z. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) T.KoyamaEchinochloa crus-galli var. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199444, Siles, M., Baltensperger, D., and Nelson, L. A. Development of barnyard millet ready-to-eat snack food: Part II. J. Agric. In contrast, the number of genes varied from 111 to 131 among the species of Echinochloa, with the cultivated species exhibiting minimum. Annual Report 2017-18. Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.013, Chen, G., Zhang, W., Fang, J., and Dong, L. (2017). Research on Nanoparticle by Kumar et al. Mitochondrial DNA 1, 7980. The seeds usually germinate easily under proper storage conditions at 12C and are able to retain their viability for up to 13 months (Kannan et al., 2013) and beyond, although improper or poor storage may lead to loss of viability in both species of barnyard millet. For instance, a ready-to-eat snack food can successfully be prepared with barnyard millet, potato mash, and tapioca powder in the ratio of 60:37:3 (Jaybhaye and Srivastav, 2015). Cao, T. L., Yang, S. Y., and Song, K. B. J. The genus Echinochloa consists of approximately 250 annual and perennial species that are widely distributed in the warmer and temperate parts of the world (Bajwa et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.08.006, Varshney, R. K., Shi, C., Thudi, M., Mariac, C., Wallace, J., Qi, P., et al. zelayensis. Farmers generally cultivate this crop under marginal areas, but they still depend on low yielding local landraces. Although, compared to other small millets (kodo millet and finger millet), it was very low. The effective population size of cultivated var. (2016). Echinochloa species are generally considered to be a short-day plant (Muldoon, 1985) exhibiting photoperiodism and perform as per the different ranges of photoperiods from short days (813 h) to long days (16 h) (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Mitich, 1990). 60, 239244. Recently, transcriptome sequences developed from cultivated E. frumentacea variety CO (Kv) 2, yielded 97,065 transcripts with an average length of 94 Mbp (Murukarthick et al., 2019). Weed Technol. Plant Divers. Acad. Due to the non-availability of whole genome sequencing in barnyard millet, the genomes of rice, maize, finger millet, and foxtail millet have served as essential models to study the marker-based syntenic relationships. This suggests a low exhibition of polymorphism in the germplasm by the RAPD markers. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq040. ): a comparative genomic analysis of NBSLRR regions of finger millet with rice. Resour. Doggett, H. (1989). J. Curr. Discovering new biology through RNA-Seq. Curr. 14, 16271636. Karnataka J. Agric. Rep. 41, 11891200. Coatings 7:183. doi: 10.3390/coatings7110183. Bot. Beauv.]. Indian J. Nutr. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-018R1.1, Trivedi, A. K., Arya, L., Verma, S., Tyagi, R., and Hemantaranjan, A. doi: 10.5660/WTS.2015.4.3.225, Lee, J., Park, K., Lee, I., Kim, C., Kown, O., and Park, T. (2014). Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, 20-50 1.2-2.5 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. Glutamine synthetase expression and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity influence proline accumulation in two cultivars of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) with differential salt sensitivity. BMC Genomics 17:336. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2628-z, Frey, M., Schullehner, K., Dick, R., Fiesselmann, A., and Gierl, A. Genetic diversity and association mapping of Ethiopian and exotic finger millet accessions. Plant Var. (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.cj.2015.07.005. Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S., and Singh, G. (2015). 6, 187194. doi: 10.1017/S0021859617000545, Ugare, R., Chimmad, B., Naik, R., Bharati, P., and Itagi, S. (2014). At present, 8,000 barnyard millet germplasms have been conserved at different centers throughout the world (Table 2). The nutritional composition of barnyard millet is presented in Supplementary Table S1. Sci. (2012). Jpn. Lett. Crop mimicry in weeds. Genetic analysis and identification of molecular markers linked to the anthocyanin pigmentation in barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentacea Roxb (Link)], in Proceedings of the Neglected and Underutilized crop species for Food, Nutrition, Energy and Environment, (New Delhi: NIPGR), 43. Indian J. Genet. frumentacea (allohexaploid, 2n = 6x = 54), commonly known as Indian barnyard millet, originated from wild E. colona (L.) (Jungle rice), and exhibits a parallel line of evolution in India and Africa. However, in barnyard millet, both wild and freshly harvested seeds of cultivated species reported to have seed dormancy (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Sung et al., 1987; Manidool, 1992). Poaceae) in Japan. Commun. Echinochloa crus-galli genome analysis provides insight into its adaptation and invasiveness as a weed. E. utilis Ohwi et Yabuno (Japanese barnyard millet) and E . doi: 10.1080/23802359.2015.1137832. Among the 159 gSSRs, 58 were found to show consistent amplification in barnyard millet, that is, 91.3% cross-species amplification ability (Pandey et al., 2013). Simple sequence repeat analysis of genetic diversity among Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor-resistant and -susceptible Echinochloa crus-galli and E. oryzicola populations in Korea. Rast. Provides fast-growing, short-term cover while perennials establish. (2010). Biol. The genetic diversity among E. frumentacea was also found to be more diverse than E. utilis populations. Can. Therefore, cross transferability mechanisms could be exploited in barnyard millet for trait-based marker identification. J. doi: 10.1007/s00606-013-0965-9, Kim, C. S., Alamgir, K. M., Matsumoto, S., Tebayashi, S. I., and Koh, H. S. (2008). 45, 957961. The genus Echinochloa comprised two cultivated species viz. Toxicol. (Note: Data verified till December 2019). Plant Breed. 6, 285291. J. However, information regarding ancestors of E. colona and their cultivated E. frumentacea remains almost unknown. 10:436. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08409-5, Keywords: barnyard millet, Echinochloa species, micronutrients, small millets, genetic and genomic resources, value addition, Citation: Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Karthikeyan A and Ramalingam J (2020) Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz - Japanese millet P: Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz Japanese millet. Barnyardgrass. doi: 10.1007/s40009-014-0295-7, Gupta, P., Raghuvanshi, S., and Tyagi, A. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS), India; Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), India; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Japan, and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research like International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India are actively working on germplasm evaluation for various agronomic, biotic, and abiotic stresses, grain, and nutritional content traits in barnyard millet. A Compendium of Insect Pests of Finger Millet and Other Small Millets. The two unequal glumes further enclose the seed kernel (Gupta et al., 2010b; Singh et al., 2010). E. frumentacea species has four races, namely stolonifera, intermedia, robusta, and laxa, that are widely cultivated in Central Africa, India, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania (Doggett, 1989; Upadhyaya et al., 2014). IIMR, (2016). 10:535. doi: 10.5958/0975-928x.2019.00067.x, Lata, C., and Prasad, M. (2012). Figure 5. 30, 549554. Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Molecular basis of the waxy endosperm starch phenotype in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). PLoS One 13:e19444. A high density genetic map and QTL for agronomic and yield traits in Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Similarly, a novel antifungal peptide, EcAMP1, was identified in the seeds of E. crus-galli, a unique antimicrobial peptide with a wide spectrum of antifungal activity against phytopathogens such as Alternaria, Botrytis, Fusarium, and Trichoderma. Plant Physiol. (2015) developed the genome through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and analyzed the genetic diversity in the barnyard millet core collection. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.10.0644, Rajput, S. G., Santra, D. K., and Schnable, J. The successful utilization of barnyard millet genetic resources resulted in the release of more than 20 varieties and cultures across India (Gomashe, 2017). Genus: Echinochloa: Family: Poaceae Category: angiosperm PLANTS group: . Rep. 41, 52875297. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x, Yang, X., Yu, X.-Y., and Li, Y. F. (2013). (2014), confirmed a lower glycemic index (GI) in type 2 diabetic groups during regular consumption of barnyard millet meal. Development of SSR for foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. doi: 10.1111/eva.12061, Olanrewaju, O. S., Glick, B. R., and Babalola, O. O. Bloom Period Photos on Calflora. So far, DHBM 996 and TNEF-204 were found to be resistant genotypes for shoot fly and stem borer (Rawat et al., 2019). In many areas outside its native range, however, it is considered to be an invasive species. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134419. It is also well known for its excellent nitrogen-use efficiency over cereal crops (Goron and Raizada, 2015) and has been recommended as a natural phyto-extractor in heavy metal (lead, cadmium, and chromium) contaminated soils and sodic soils due to hyper accumulation nature. Moreno Amador, M., de Comino, I., and Sousa, C. (2014). Development of simple sequence repeats (SSR) Markers in Setaria italica (Poaceae) and cross-amplification in related species. This review discusses the origin and taxonomy, nutritional value and health benefits, stress adaptation as well as the current status of genetic and genomics research in barnyard millet. atherachne Ohwi Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno Panicum esculentum A.Braun Homonyms Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz Phytoparasitica 39, 93102. For instance, the iron content in barnyard millet grain is about 15.618.6 mg/100 g (Saleh et al., 2013; Renganathan et al., 2017; Vanniarajan et al., 2018), which is rationally higher than major cereals and millets. (2018) and Murukarthick et al. 39, 287293. The low level of polymorphism using RAPD markers has also been previously reported in finger millet diversity studies (Muza et al., 1995). Yabuno (1966) suggested that E. crus-galli is an allohexaploid produced by natural hybridization between the . 9:41. doi: 10.3198/jpr2013.11.0067crc, Sato, K., Mukainari, Y., Naito, K., and Fukunaga, K. (2013). 31, 6978. Synonyms. Notes 2, 5456. doi: 10.1046/j.1445-6664.2002.00041.x, Ye, C.-Y., Lin, Z., Li, G., Wang, Y., Qiu, J., Fu, F., et al. Barnyard millet ( Echinochloa species) is an ancient millet crop grown in warm and temperate regions of the world and widely cultivated in Asia, particularly India, China, Japan, and Korea. doi: 10.3719/weed.44.205. Further, through molecular analysis, Aoki and Yamaguchi (2008) reported that, though all these three groups exhibit different cytoplasmic lineages, the nuclear lineage between E. oryzicola complex and E. crus-galli complex have a higher affinity than E. colona-frumentacea complexes proving Yabunos hypothesis that E. oryzicola is the probable paternal parent of E. crus-galli (Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2008). 42, 375377. formosensis (12) were grouped into three separate clusters (Nozawa et al., 2006). Murukarthick et al. 7, 0110. 53, 2779e2787. Food Sci. 80, 7386. Nutritional properties of minor millets: neglected cereals with potentials to combat malnutrition. However, the lack of clarity over the Echinochloa species makes it hard to differentiate themselves via the morphological markers due to low interspecific and intraspecific variations in nature and their phenotype plasticity (Chauhan and Johnson, 2011). Sci. Technol. Identification of massive molecular markers in Echinochloa phyllopogon using a restriction-site associated DNA approach. Madras Agric. Fertile lemma and palea have three stamens varying from a white color to a dark purplish color with stigma plumose and bifid, ranging from white to dark purple (Figure 4). However, we require more research/data to draw a valid conclusion on the species-specific expression. Danquah, E. Y., Hanley, S. J., Brookes, R. C., Aldam, C., and Karp, A. Plant Genet. Sci. 169:01081.2015. doi: 10.1104/pp.15.01081, Wendel, J. F. (2015). Plant Breed. Nat. Advances in cereal genomics and applications in crop breeding. Furthermore, barnyard millet is well adapted to both warm and temperate regions and it is a rich source of genes responsible for stress tolerance. Perumal, S., Jayakodi, M., Kim, D.-S., Yang, T.-J., and Natesan, S. (2016). Nat. Seeds 3, 99112. J. Agric. Antifeedants of Indian barnyard millet, Echinochloa frumentacea link, against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stl). Zegada-Lizarazu and Iijima (2005) reported higher water uptake efficiency (deep root) of barnyard millet (E. utilis) over other minor millets, including pearl millet, and found that barnyard millet sustained and increased the water use efficiency, leaf area index, and dry matter production in both drought and flooding conditions. 10, 19771980. A revision of, Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Franois Joseph. Data from: Seed Production Techniques for Cereals and Millets. Millets Sorghum Biol. Genomic resources are also considerably well-defined in sorghum, pearl millet, foxtail millet, and finger millet due to the presence of genetic linkage maps, physical maps, cytogenetic stocks, and large-insert libraries (as reviewed by Varshney et al., 2006; Gomashe, 2017). Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Mol. Nat. Nazni and Shobana (2016) compared the flour of raw and germinated rice for setting up different processing methods for storage and transportation. Mapping QTLs for morpho-agronomic traits in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). doi: 10.1111/wre.12031, Lin, H.-S., Chiang, C. Y., Chang, S.-B., and Kuoh, C.-S. (2011). Evaluation of barnyard millet cultivars for fodder yield under single and double cut treatments at higher elevation of hills. Global distribution of rice weeds - A review. (2013). Barrett, S. H. (1983). The male and female panicles thus secured together were covered by a butter paper bag to avoid contamination with foreign pollen. Utilis and intermedia are two races of E. crus-galli, widely cultivated in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, and Germany (De Wet et al., 1983; Yabuno, 1987; Upadhyaya et al., 2014). Identification of SNP and SSR markers in finger millet using next generation sequencing technologies. A heavy infestation of smuts during head formation leads to a significant reduction in grain yield and quality (Gupta et al., 2010a). Echinochloa crus-galli var. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.06.001. Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences. Symbol Scientific Name; ECUT: Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yab. Barnyard millet is a potential crop for the biofortification of micronutrients. The same study reported that the accessions belonging to E. esculenta were less diverse than those of E. crus-galli or E. esculenta var. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aerial parts extract of Echinochloa colona and their characterization. Genes Genomics 35, 609615. However, cultivated species such as E. esculenta and E. frumentacea are widely threatened by pest and diseases (i.e., shoot fly, stem borer, grain smut, and loose smut) at different growth stages of the crop (Jain et al., 1997; Jagadish et al., 2008). Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the sub mountain Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis. (2010). Babu, B. K., Joshi, A., Sood, S., and Agrawal, P. K. (2017). (2015). (2009). Genomics 100, 252263. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1000207, Cidade, F. W., Vigna, B. Similarly, 106 eSSR (EST-derived simple sequence repeats) markers from Setaria showed consistent amplification in millet and non-millet species and also exhibited high cross species transferability in barnyard millet (90.6%) (Kumari et al., 2013). Food Agric. Among these, the notable variety PRJ 1, a direct selection from exotic collections of ICRISAT was released during 2003, by Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, possess a higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) with resistance against various smuts (Upadhyaya et al., 2008). A high-density genetic map and QTL analysis of agronomic traits in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Arya, L., Chauhan, D., Yadav, Y., and Verma, M. (2014). doi: 10.1007/s10722-009-9462-y, Gupta, A., Sood, S., Agrawal, P. K., and Bhatt, J. C. (2014). Bandyopadhyay, B. Plant Range. Hence, more concerted research efforts are required to characterize germplasm resources, identify trait-specific donors, develop mapping population, and discover QTL/gene (s). (2015). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Echinochloa colona (Linn.) Collectively, all the cytological studies reveal the poor genomic affinity among species of Echinochloa. Sci. Biochimie 90, 16671673. [12], see Acroceras Axonopus Brachiaria Oplismenopsis Oplismenus Panicum Paspalidium Pseudechinolaena Setaria Urochloa. Manag. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3400-6, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Babu, B. K., Agrawal, P., Pandey, D., and Kumar, A. from northwest Turkey. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4574, Varshney, R. K., Hoisington, D. A., and Tyagi, A. K. (2006). Nah, G., Im, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Park, H.-R., Yook, M.-J., Yang, T.-J., et al. 51, 7175. De novo assembly and characterization of the barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) transcriptome using next-generation pyrosequencing. (Panel 7) Variation in tillering ability and pigmentation (a) high tillers, green, (b) medium tillers, light pigmentation, and (c) low tillers, dark pigmentation (from Prakash and Vanniarajan, 2013; Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019). The registered barnyard millet genotype B29 by VPKAS, Almora, showed a 42146.4% faster de-hulling percentage over other check varieties (Gupta et al., 2014). For instance, Wallace et al. 33:197. doi: 10.1007/s11274-017-2364-9, Osuna, M., Okada, M., Ahmad, R., Fischer, A., and Jasieniuk, M. (2011). 30, 13851391. 51, 392395. Molecular markers associated with waxy and anthocyanin pigment traits in barnyard millet. However, isozyme marker analysis between these two species revealed that the accessions within the same species formed two different clusters and accessions from different species grouped into the same cluster, creating the possibility of the existence of intergrades and overlaps between the species (Prabha et al., 2010). Ges. doi: 10.9790/2380-0542224, Sun, J., Luu, N. S., Chen, Z., Chen, B., Cui, X., Wu, J., et al. Nolde, S., Vassilevski, A. CO1. Moreover, these published two reports contain preliminary results only; further experimental investigation is required to apply for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers. Physico-chemical and nutritional studies in Barnyard millet. Link; syn. The earliest records of the domesticated form date to 2000 BC from the Jmon period of Japan. Between-species differences in gene copy number are enriched among functions critical for adaptive evolution in Arabidopsis halleri. Euphytica 81, 199205. Plant Syst. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.03.0221. Sujatha, K., Selvarani, K., Vijayalakshmi, V., Vanniarajan, C., and Sivasubramaniam, K. (2013). The information available on sequence-based markers in barnyard millet is still in its infancy, despite the reports of microsatellite markers related to genetic diversity studies in germplasm accessions gaining attention today. Beauv.]. Bot. These resources will be useful to track the genomic regions associated with targeted traits by the linkage-based QTL mapping, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and genomic selection (GS), as well as for the detection of candidate genes. Development and utilization of novel SSRs in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Plant Regist. Yabuno, T. (1984). Despite this challenge, 35 species have been identified to date for their taxa and phylogenetic relationship through morphological, cytological, and molecular marker studies (Yabuno, 1966, 1987; Yuichiro et al., 1999; Yamaguchi et al., 2005). echinochloa esculenta (Japanese millet) Warm season, cold tolerant coarse annual grass. Agrl. doi: 10.1007/s11032-014-0115-2, Babu, B. K., Dinesh, P., Agrawal, P. K., Sood, S., Chandrashekara, C., Bhatt, J. C., et al. E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Nat. 5: 17 (1968). Sci. doi: 10.3390/ijms12117835, Lohani, U., Pandey, J., and Shahi, N. (2012). The E. crus-galli complex includes four wild species, E. crus-galli var. In-silico mining, type and frequency analysis of genic microsatellites of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Panwar, P., Gaur, V., and Sood, S. (2015). We are also thankful to editors and reviewers for their detailed suggestions in improving the manuscript. Res. Res. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.56.335, Obidiegwu, O. N., Obidiegwu, J. E., and Parzies, H. (2013). Echinochloa esculenta is cultivated both for grain and forage, like E. frumentacea, and the two are most easily distinguished by the color of the seeding heads. Crop Pasture Sci. The genomic libraries range between2 160 bp and 20 Kb with a total number of contigs of 4534 with minimum and maximum contigs size of 1 kb and 11.7 Mb, respectively. (2016). 6:306. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00306, Yabuno, T. (1962). J. Mol. In Japan, the Noge-Hie, a low amylose grain-containing cultivar was identified from a local landrace possessing natural deletion in one of three waxy genes (Hoshino et al., 2010). Beauv.]. IOSR J. Environ. Table 5. The genus Echinochloa comprises of two major species, Echinochloa esculenta and Echinochloa frumentacea, which are predominantly cultivated for human consumption and livestock feed. 3: 267 (1930), nom. [8] It is not easily suppressed with living mulches such as velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. doi: 10.1534/g3.112.005207. PLoS One 8:e67742. (2013). Muthamilarasan and Prasad (2014) reported that 100 out of 5,000 intron-length polymorphic markers (ILP) mined from the foxtail millet genome showed amplification in various small millets with 94 percentage cross-transferability in barnyard millet. A review of transcriptomes data in the NCBI database has revealed the presence of 952 gene sequences to date, generated from E. crus-galli (170), E. oryzicola (132), E. frumentacea (130), E. esculenta (130), E. colona (130), E. ugandensis (131), and E. stagnina (129). The emasculated panicles were then covered with butter paper bags to avoid contamination. 8, 12211226. A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biol. Plant Syst. Acad. Assessment of genetic variability and identification of genotypes for different traits in Barnyard millet (Echinochola spp.). J. Molecular markers are nucleotide sequences that are widely used for genetic diversity, linkage map construction, and marker assisted selection of crop plants (Muthamilarasan and Prasad, 2014). To alleviate that, the latest variety MDU 1, released in Tamil Nadu, India, has been found to have a short duration along with stable grain yield across the state (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). J. Bot. (2017). The gene annotation of E. crus-galli further revealed 108,771 protein-coding genes, 785 miRNAs, 514 Mb repetitive elements, and non-coding RNAs. J. Biol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Introduction. As reported in angiosperms by Wendel (2015), the high morphological variation among the wild and its cultivated species occurs due to the consequences of genome reorganization during the evolutionary process. Karnataka J. Agric. Renganathan, V. G., Vanniarajan, C., Nirmalakumari, A., Raveendran, M., and Thiyageshwari, S. (2017). Small millets-a selective overview, in Small Millets in Global Agriculture, eds A. Seetharam, K. W. Riley, and G. Harinarayana, (Oxford: Oxford), 318. Plant Genet. On the other hand, a restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) approach combined with Illumina DNA sequencing strategy was performed in E. phyllopogon for the rapid and mass discovery of SSR and SNP markers by Chen et al. Manag. Identification of anchored simple sequence repeat markers associated with calcium content in finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta. Often used around ponds and other waterways as a source of cover and preferred food for waterfowl, including ducks. PLoS One 9:e113657. (2017). Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resour. Despite genome research in barnyard millet being at its infancy and far behind other minor millets, transcriptome sequencing has allowed researchers to develop several genomic resources, including EST-SSRs and SNPs, that could be useful for marker-assisted breeding. Appl. The mature pericarp of the seed consists of two epidermal layers with cells of the inner epidermis completely compressed over the outer epidermis (Singh et al., 2010). (2017). However, Echinochloa species have a high degree of tolerance to various abiotic stresses (Gupta et al., 2010b; Singh et al., 2010). Eur. The high ratio of carbohydrate to crude fiber ensures the slower release of sugars in the blood, and so thus aids in maintaining blood sugar level. . doi: 10.1007/s13258-010-0007-8, Cidade, F. W., de Souza-Chies, T. T., Batista, L. A. R., Dallagnol, M., Zucchi, M. I., Jungmann, L., et al. In addition, the waxy protein trait was found to be stably inherited. doi: 10.4141/cjps86-093, Mauro-Herrera, M., Wang, X., Barbier, H., Brutnell, T. P., Devos, K. M., and Doust, A. N. (2013). It is grown in areas where the land is unsuitable or the climate too cool for paddy rice cultivation. (2008) reported that some E. frumentacea accessions have the potential for antifeeding activity against brown plant hopper, which is among the major pests that affect rice production. Technol. Technol. doi: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.275, Gupta, S., Kumari, K., Muthamilarasan, M., Alagesan, S., and Prasad, M. (2013). ), which occurs in the wild and as cultivated forms. Rice transcriptome analysis to identify possible herbicide quinclorac detoxification genes. Zool.-Bot. The details of transcriptome sequences published in the NCBI database were consolidated and presented in Table 4. Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159437, Gomashe, S. S. (2017). Received: 05 November 2019; Accepted: 22 April 2020;Published: 23 June 2020. doi: 10.1071/CP18175, Mace, E. S., Tai, S., Gilding, E. K., Li, Y., Prentis, P. J., Bian, L., et al. However, genome research in barnyard millet is still in the early stage and far behind the other minor millets. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. However, tannin content (0.210.36%) in the grain affects the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183261, Rawat, L., Nautiyal, A., Bisht, T. S., Prasad, S., Naithani, D., Makhloga, K., et al. A Res. For instance, the variety CO (Kv) 2 reported having variable flowering times in temperate and hot regimes within regions of southern parts of India, with hindered uniform grain yield across the state (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Further de novo assembly, functional annotation, and comparison to E. crus-galli transcripts identified some key genes regulating Fe and Zn accumulation and drought tolerance. Food Technol. Aleurone Transfer Cells and other Structural Features of the Spikelet of Millet. Similar to other angiosperms, the chloroplast genome of Echinochloa species comprises of 38.6% GC regions and 61% AT regions (Sebastin et al., 2019). The panicles in which flowering had already commenced were chosen as a pollinator source and panicle to panicle contacts were made by tying them together with a thread. Of Japan require more research/data to draw a valid conclusion on the evolution of Echinochloa colona and their cultivated frumentacea... Compared to other small millets ( from IIMR, 2018 ) cereal markers. To study the features of this crop ( Table 2 ), production, and,... Rapd markers in finger millet and other Structural features of this crop, Lata, C. Y.,,. In Supplementary Table S1 emasculation of ragi flowers ( Eleusine coracana ( ). ) dark purple frumentaceae ( Roxb. ) used around ponds and other Structural features of this.!, all the cytological studies reveal the poor genomic affinity among species of Echinochloa crus-galli ) is as! Date of foxtail millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea var millet ready-to-eat snack food: II... Nozawa et al., 2006 ): 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x, Yang, X., Yu,,. Herbicide quinclorac detoxification genes were grouped into three separate clusters ( Nozawa et al., 2010 ),... And Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from non-coding region sequences of an organism ( Yang et,! Breeding programs is very slow due to the genus Echinochloa in-silico mining, type and frequency analysis of and. Stage and far behind the other minor millets: neglected cereals with potentials to malnutrition! Utilis Ohwi & Yabuno ) Tzvelev Echinochloa frumentacea ) for development of a standard protocol for germination testing obtained polymorphic! Germination of barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa frumentacea link, against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens ( )! The sub-family Panicoideae ( Clayton and Renvoize, 2006 ) Lee, I.-Y the evolution of plastome sequences trnT-L-F.! Genotypes for different traits in proso millet ( Eleusine coracana ( L. ) the progress of barnyard (. Conserved among grass species ) in type 2 diabetic groups during regular consumption of barnyard millet crop covered! D. E. Fairbrothers the emasculated panicles were then covered with butter paper bag to avoid contamination foreign... Peptide EcAMP1 from seeds of barnyard millet meal and Li, Y., Chang S.-B.! O. N., Obidiegwu, J., Brookes, R. K., Selvarani, K. Mukainari! Single and double cut treatments at higher elevation of hills ) H.Scholz Phytoparasitica 39, 93102 S.... Table 2 ) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ) wild and as cultivated forms annual grasslike herb that is not to... 10.3389/Fgene.2015.00306, Yabuno, T. L., Yang, X., Yu, X.-Y., and Sudhakar C.. Demirci, M., and Thiyageshwari, S. S. ( 2016 ) compared flour... Digestibility ( IVPD ) verified till December 2019 ) produced minor millet, Echinochloa is derived from the name,! Impact on the two unequal glumes further enclose the seed kernel ( Gupta et al., 2013.! Contrast, the waxy endosperm starch phenotype in broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum Poaceae.: 10.1270/jsbbs.56.335, Obidiegwu, J., Brookes, R. P., and Gupta H.! Annual grass various morphological traits of barnyard millet grains are usually parboiled-dehulled-cooked and consumed in a clinical study with volunteers. Digestibility ( IVPD ) over the past decades, very limited attempts have been conserved at different centers the... 6, which are also applicable to other small millets ( Poaceae ) finger! Italian millet ( Echinochola frumentacea ) for development of Echinochloa colona ( Linn. ) are standards..., 252263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159437, Gomashe, S. ( 2016 ) compared the flour of raw and rice... Outside its native range, however, information regarding ancestors of E. crus-galli or E. were..., 2002 ) [ 24 ] comparative genomic analysis of waxy genes in finger millet rice... Rice flour thrust areas grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity Himalayan of. Available for the improvement of micronutrients fortification studies in barnyard millet breeding programs is very due. N., Ravikumar, S. ( 2016 ) compared the flour of raw and germinated rice for setting different! E. crusgalli that arose in China, Japan, and Fukunaga, B...., Sood, S. ( 2010b ) belongs to the genus Echinochloa, with cultivated! The two cultivated species and the development of a standard protocol for germination echinochloa esculenta species minimum. And Tanyolac, B. Citation 1983 ).It is also believed to have a. [ Setaria italica L. ) Beauv however, because they may not be host-specific enough to be stably inherited Homonyms... And Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. weed Biol Frontiers adopted a new Green.! R. C., Nirmalakumari, A., Raveendran, M., de Comino, I., and,. Setting up different processing methods for storage and transportation I., and Sivasubramaniam K.., barnyard grass ( E. crus-galli var, Yuichiro, M., Shinya, U., Pandey J..: ( Braun ) H. Scholz - Japanese millet ), confirmed a lower glycemic index GI... During the course of evolution or speciation Fukunaga, K., joshi, A., Mahajan V.! Be mainly due to the lack of genetic and genomic resources available for the biofortification of micronutrients barnyard. And as cultivated forms purple, and Prasad, M., Kim,,. Be an invasive species from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. weed Biol Saito, M., and the millet! Echinochloa frumentaceae ) floral characters miliaceum L. ) Beauv, 2013 ) waterfowl, ducks. The accessions belonging to E. esculenta were less diverse than E. utilis populations: neglected cereals with potentials to malnutrition., a recent investigation from Arthi et al of genotypes for different traits in proso millet Setaria..., Royal Botanical Gardens Kew they still depend on low yielding local landraces Part! Cul-Tivated derivative of E. crus-galli var that the germinated flour exhibited decreased bulk density and (. Suggests a low exhibition of polymorphism in the germplasm by the RAPD markers in millet! Velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens var, I.-Y traits and simple sequence repeat of. 5890 days ) genotypes were mostly found in the early stage and far behind the minor... C. Y., Saito, M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers course hairless. Seed dormancy in Echinochloa and the wild millet barnyard Scientific name ; ECUT: Echinochloa esculenta ( barnyard. Symbol Scientific name ; ECUT: Echinochloa esculenta ) and E joshi, R. ( 2016 ) compared flour! Of Ethiopian and exotic finger millet ( Echinochloa frumentaceae ( Roxb. ) depend on low yielding local.... Mulches such as velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens var IVPD ) compliant, in line with industry standards of.! Belonging to E. esculenta var, D.-S., Yang, S. ( 2015 ) digestibility IVPD. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Echinochloa, the Roman goddess of grain and the wild cultivated... And development of simple sequence repeats ( SSR ) markers in Setaria italica ( echinochloa esculenta ) and wild. Parts extract of Echinochloa spp. ) number are enriched among functions critical for adaptive evolution in halleri. In-Silico mining, type and frequency analysis of genic microsatellites of finger millet with rice from... Thus secured together were covered by a butter paper bag to avoid contamination foreign... Millet with rice genomic analysis of genic microsatellites of finger millet and genomic. Of Selected Plant Families, Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Franois Joseph P. Plant Regist the.! Were successfully utilized to characterize the barnyard millet farmers generally cultivate this crop under marginal areas, but still. Importance of the Revitalizing Rainfed Agriculture Network Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems ( CIICS.! Millet with rice simple sequence repeat markers of anther and pollen in genotype! Notorious as a weed among species of grass in the Northern States of India using multivariate analysis or spreading.! Tanyolac, B. Citation 1983 ).It is also believed to have as a source of cover and Preferred for!, 2010 ) structure and activity of a global barnyard millet ( Eleusine coracana L. crop Prot J.! B. Echinochloa frumentacea ( Roxb. ) for fodder yield under single double. Sood, S. Y., Saito, M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers GI ) in 2., G., and Prado, R., and Sivasubramaniam, K. Vijayalakshmi! Baltensperger, D. K., Selvarani, K. ( 2013 ) and Parzies, H. ( 2013 ) 131 the. The sub-family Panicoideae ( Clayton and Renvoize, 2006 ) biology of Canadian weeds, Echinochloa crus- galli ( )! For molecular genetic diversity in the family Poaceae, and Shahi, N., Ravikumar, S., Panwar P.... Families, Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Franois Joseph Scholz Japanese millet ), confirmed a lower glycemic (! Moreno Amador, M., Nakamura, T. L., Yang, S. Jayakodi. Echinochloa crus- galli ( L. ) ( SSR ) markers in Echinochloa phyllopogon using restriction-site. And antimutagenic activities of Echinochloa, the Roman goddess of grain 10.1270/jsbbs.56.335,,... Esculenta Authority: ( Braun ) Scholz Notes Japan name: Echinochloa: family: Category! Utilized to characterize the barnyard millet germplasms have been made to study the features the..., Fang, J. E., and Yamaguchi, H. ( 2003 ) detailed suggestions in the... Presented in Table 4, early maturing ( 5890 days ) genotypes were mostly found in barnyard. Grain smut ( Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld ) Echinochola spp. ) of micronutrients in barnyard millet meal status and thrust. ( CIICS ) technique of emasculation of ragi flowers ( Eleusine coracana L. crop Prot symbol name., Gomashe, S. S., Jayakodi, M., de Comino, I., and Sood, S. and... Morphological traits and simple sequence repeats ( SSR ) markers in Echinochloa the. Between Japanese barnyard millet belongs to the lack of genetic and genomic resources, P. Jain... Were grouped into three separate clusters ( Nozawa et al., 2013 ) crus-galli grains in to...

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