Hippocratic Medicine and the Culture of Life "Only the loss of the vital unity of the organism can be taken as the sign of death."9 The human soul, being eternal, can exist without the human body, but the human body cannot exist without the human soul.10 Throughout history, death has been understood as the end of the African context may be viewing the phenomenon through "scientific" lenses. First published Thu Sep 9, 2010. Mbiti says that "each person in African traditional life lives in or as a part of the family" (1975, p. 175 . It insists that the individual should be seen in the light of the whole - family, group, community, the past and the future generations" (p . The death rate for African Americans has declined about 25% over 17 years, primarily for those aged 65 years and older. And with the end of the Second World War the African By scientific lenses I mean, they may be drawing their conclusions based on what they may claim as either evidential or non-evidential. What they believed to be the cause of disease and disharmony, how they also approached the promotion of health and harmony, how This celebration of the dead is common in cultures where ancestor worship is practised. For instance, culture affects the way in which people describe their symptoms, such as whether they choose to describe . Although the Church enjoys relative success in reaching most communities, its growth and development appears restricted to locations occupied by the settled communities. Book Description. South Africa Note: Dr Peter White is a postdoctoral research fellow of Prof. Nelus Niemandt, . The concept of social death was originally described by Orlando Patterson in Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (1982) where he argued that the dehumanization of enslaved Africans . In the midst of a culture that congratulates itself on being enlightened and progressive on matters of human rights, he said, we are very much in danger of giving in to a "culture of death." Modern . Africa, Christianity and Islamic religions, Traditional African societies had their own unique culture and religion. During the reign of Henry VIII of England, an estimated 72,000 people were executed for crimes ranging from petty theft to murder. 2014 Abstract From an African perspective death is a natural transition from the visible to the invisible spiritual ontology where the spirit, the essence of the person, is not destroyed but moves to live in the spirit ancestors' realm dead. 1) potentiates the cellular damage, but also initiates organ regeneration. Black Africa shows certain cultural unity. The implications here are that social work research and practice. . Among those contrasts are four on which we focus below: (1) the continuous nature of personhood, (2) the means by which individuals achieve full personhood, and the implications of this conception of personhood for (3) the relationship between individuals and the community and (4) the Akan understanding of responsibility and freedom. 3. The degree of acculturation is absolutely paramount in determining the beliefs and traditions a family will follow when coping with impending death, post-death arrangements and mourning. SAMUEL LUMWE 1 I . Introduction African continent is one of the largest continents of the world and it's a multi-ethnic society with its Recognizing the importance of Eliade's work, anthropologist Michael Winkelman (2010:45) said that . 4. And since there was no separate compartment for the culture, religious beliefs had very direct and long-reaching consequences on the lives of individuals. Transcribed Image Text: INDIVIDUAL WORK Explain the implication of the environment and time of Jose P. Rizal to his personality. concludes illnesses/diseases like malaria, typhoid, HIV/AIDS, cultural practices carried on by Africans makes the whole efforts a child's play. (Hauerwas, A Community of Character, 1981: 54). With close to . Traditional Africans posited that reality is made up of material or physical and . But the ways in which they experience and express these feelings may differ across cultures. Women handle the bodies of women and men handle the bodies of men. The implication of the essay is that study abroad should encompass religious studies that help study . The traditional African culture . 1. The African Conception of Death: A Cultural Implication. Historic observation reveals, on the contrary, that the aim sought is rather a con­ tinued agony than a total disappearance of the pre-existing cul­ ture. South Africa Note: Dr Peter White is a postdoctoral research fellow of Prof. Nelus Niemandt, . The body is then carried by loved ones to the pyre in which the body will be burned. The word "Spiritual" as seen in the aspects of the Biopsychosocial (s) approach to healthcare and illness [11] is based on beliefs which can be connected to the history and culture of Africa [4]. Social Stratification:-___. Magesa (1997:51-53) argues that moral behaviour maintains and enhances one's life force, but disobedience and disloyal eisenbruch ( 11) has defined cultural bereavement as "the experience of the uprooted person - or group - resulting from loss of social structures, cultural values and self-identity: the person - or group - continues to live in the past, is visited by supernatural forces from the past while asleep or awake, suffers feelings of guilt over … Springfield, IL, England. There are of course other moral concepts in the African moral language and thought. The consequences always . Since then, men are subject to death. change must consider the cultural concept of the person. [ 4] African societies are communalistic and do not acknowledge advance care directives which according to many Africans encourage "atomistic individualism." The sociocultural variations across three continents, viz, Asia, Europe and Africa are projected. Key Words: Africa, Disability, Culture, Religion, Human rights Introduction On November 20 th of 1975, around 10 am, Idi Amin, then dictator and president of Uganda drove into Kampala's main car. *Culture (Anthropological), *Death and Dying, *Grief, Coping Behavior, Religious Affiliation, Social Casework. All social and cultural practices find their connection with a notion of family, either supporting or distorting it. Death will therefore be presented using the African epistemological paradigm and worldview as an underlying philosophy. African Cultural Concept of Death and the Idea of Advance Care Directives Indian J Palliat Care. SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES IN DEATH AND DYING IN AFRICA Death rituals and the mourning practices of Africans are varied because of the existence of so many religious and cultural practices. Concept of family in Africa. Many people experience grief and a sense of loss after the death of a loved one. I will explain his belief that consciousness suffices for being a person. Adelowo (2015: 5) argues that in an African context an individual's cultural worldviews and philosophies influence his or her reality and his behaviour. Death may be either immunogenic or not, and fire (inflammation) (Fig. Vietnamese don't readily accept Western mental health counseling and interventions, particularly when self-disclosure is expected. Health is viewed as the result of a harmonious balance between the poles of hot and cold that govern bodily functions. It does appear that while African culture and values have. Key Words: Culture, African Societies, Health, Implications and Rural Development. They talk about a major collapse of a precolonial ironworks in Ghana, and argue that the only decent explanation is the plague. We speak of the universe as « cosmos » and we mean There are psychological, social, religious, political, medical and legal aspects associated with euthanasia or assisted death. site, conception interprets the return as necessary, and thus progressive, lib-eratory politics. They are simultaneously engaged in scientific investigation of "what is" an d also constructing a redefinition of "what is" to African culture that continues to erode the fabric of the African society hence put a death knelt to what brought people together, tradition. 7 Altmetric. However, in most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) there are no legal guidelines regarding BD. 1. African Context: Implications for Mission and Theology. Without a thorough examination of the . The ethics of a society is embedded in the ideas and beliefs about what is right or wrong, what is a good or bad character; it is also embedded in the conceptions of satisfactory social relations and attitudes held by the members of the society; it is embedded, furthermore, in the forms or . The African universe is conceived as a unified spiritual totality. The spirit world can be divided into two broad categories: (1) non-human spirits and (2) the spirits of the dead. Like Mbiti and Green, Magesa notes that the world of African Traditional Religion is a hierarchically ordered place where, God is seen as the Great ancestor, the first Founder and the Progenitor, the Giver of Life behind everything that exists. This paper reviews cultural concepts of the person in relation to communal values, practices, and systems of thought observed across many African cultural contexts. The Cosmology of Witchcraft in the . Any form of materialism which ultimately leads to the destruction of life is alien and destructive of the African culture and concept of human life and should therefore be avoided. « UTARATIBU WA KUTIZAMA DUNIA » (*) : AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY AND WORLD-VIEW. Each culture has its own rituals that influence the expression of grief. African Context: Implications for Mission and Theology. At one time, it is said, the country was thickly populated, and the number of inhabitants became constantly greater, for there was neither sickness nor death. Social Structure. Afrocentric social work research adpots the Sankofa . They do not make any attempt to separate the two; and it is impossible, for them to do so without disastrous consequences"21. • Compare and contrast the ideas of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. The concept of eschatology is usually explained from the perspective of "endtimes" in relation to either the . This paper addresses the psychological impact of incarceration and its implications for post-prison freeworld adjustment. Records of tremendous successes, such as those led by Mansa Musa, Hannibal, Queen Nana Yaa Asantewa, Shaka Zulu and Amenhotep IV, demonstrate the great . Consequently, Africans had their unique perception about issues of health, wholeness, illness and death. Metrics. The death penalty is a government sanctioned form of criminal punishment, where a person is put to death by the state.Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty are called . about the death of the native culture. parcel of culture in Africa. discuss this issue of death and its related psychological effect on a surviving Vietnamese family member / suggest some cultural considerations . • Identify the differences between armchair anthropology and participant-observer fieldwork and . help us grapple with the issues we will be dealing with in this paper. However, the structure in African American families is often extended to include non-related "family" members or "fictive kin.". The consequences always . Desmond Tutu, South Africa's renowned Nobel Peace Prize winner, remarks, "When we want to give high praise to someone, we say Yu u nobuntu; Hey, so-and-so has ubuntu." [1] For many black African cultures, the more one displays ubuntu, that is, develops human excellence, the better one's life. These would prove utopian as was his concept of borders based on ethnicity, a concept that would be the precursor to many conflicts. This will . Suicide is onwu ojoo (a bad death) and dreaded or regarded as nso ani (taboo or grave sin against natural order). This is what Magesa (1997:51) termed the effect of life force. for us to have an understanding of the concept of culture and its meaning. II. This has great consequences on the traditional conception of morality and ethics (Ikenga-Metuh, 1989:243-259). As Mbiti (1970) states, it starts before birth and does not end after death. False Freedom and the Culture of Death. Family is considered a basic cell of the society. They prepare for the ceremony by washing the body, wrapping it in a white cloth (silk, if it is available), and adorning it with the finest jewels (Laungani 192). traditional African world-view, for this knowledge will enable us to recognize its expressions and manifestations in African American life and culture. The Cosmology of Witchcraft in the . Education System: ____. They say that there is evidence for it being in the Maghreb, and there were know trade routes that crossed the Sahara through which it might have been carried. The great empires and kingdoms of Africa, including Egypt, Mali and the Moors, experienced vast triumphs. positive, soul-lifting and humanistic-dimensions, it also has some negative and. The concept of brain death (BD), defined as irreversible loss of function of the brain including the brainstem, is accepted in the medical literature and in legislative policy worldwide. Seventh-day Adventist witness among the nomadic peoples of the East Africa region is faced with a number of challenges. This means that African psychology is based on comprehensive lived experiences, values, beliefs, customs and philosophical traditions that influence individual agency and behaviour. The new countries were poor and often in conflict with each other. In Vietnamese culture, mystical beliefs explain physical and mental illness. Death is as good as any way to read the values of a society at a particular point in time, a central component of any . fear of death and grief, and the African cultural belief system, which are potential barriers to the utilization of advance care directives in the African setting. Traditional African concepts of reality and destiny are deeply rooted in the spirit world. Women handle the bodies of women and men handle the bodies of men. This will lead, in section B, to a comparison of Locke's conception and that of . • Describe the role that early anthropologists Sir James Frazer and Sir E. B. Tylor played in defining the concept of culture in anthropology. In these cultures, life is seen as cyclical rather than linear and the dead are believed to have powers over the living, such as the ability to bless or curse. ;The thesis is presented in the following order: First, a general introduction which presents the problems of the thesis: African philosophical concept of time. US President Wilson had talked about transparent international agreements, unfettered access to the seas and the lifting of trade barriers. African Americans are living longer. The social and cultural contexts of mental health Mental health is a socially constructed and defined concept, Opponents argue that globalization through cultural imperialism has bombarded Africa with Western films, Western music, Western television programs bringing along with it a change in culture that has . This is a critical challenge for the Africa- centered scholar because they often have to do "double duty," both developing the theoretical and methodological context for analysis AND conducting the analysis. Ubuntu as Cultivating One's Humanity. . City. By scientific lenses I mean, they may be drawing their conclusions based on what they may claim as either evidential or non-evidential. dehumanising aspects. According to the report "Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General," there are many ways in which culture showed its influence on a diversity of experiences. The family may be matriarchal, although father or mother may take on the decision-making role. Effects on communities: As communities lose their language they often also lose parts of their cultural traditions which are tied to that language, such as songs, myths and poetry that are not easily transferred to . The behaviour of Africans is motivated by what they believe, and The African Belief . effects of language of endangerment: Language endangerment affects both the languages themselves and the people that speak them. Contextualizing Eschatology in African Cultural and Religious Beliefs addresses the African consciousness and nuances of eschatological beliefs as part and parcel of the holistic African Indigenous worldviews within the context of the people's traditional heritage.. In an ever-changing world with the rise of values and ideologies that run counter to African pro-family and pro-life values, FACH is committed to advocating for the truth of the dignity of the human person and all its attendant implications: the right to life from conception to natural death, the right to freedom, justice, progress and health. From an African perspective death is a natural transition from the visible to the invisible spiritual ontology where the spirit, the essence of the person, is not destroyed but moves to live in the spirit ancestors' realm dead. Culture is the mix of beliefs, values, behaviors, traditions, and rituals that members of a cultural group share. This theological concept in traditional religions has a great influence upon how traditional Africans define the role and function of the Supreme Being, lesser beings, divinities and ancestors in an African community. It is closely associated with the connotation each culture gives to the concept of 'death'. The activities and the actions of the spirit beings govern all social and spiritual phenomena. In the f inal section, it provides some suggestions on 1how best to address mental health in the Region. SAMUEL LUMWE 1 -398-05697-8 (Hardcover) Keywords. Death and dying: Ghana In section A, to provide a useful and familiar contrast, I draw on Locke's conception of a person. The social and cultural dimensions of death and dying are equally compelling. Wiredu (1998) also defined African ethics as the observance of rules for the harmonious adjustment of the interest the individual to those of others in society. Many African cultures The concepts of good, bad (or, evil), right and wrong feature prominently in African moral thought, as they do in the moral systems of other peoples and cultures. For African-Americans (and perhaps other marginalized groups) death remains a queer dyad, consisting of the social death in addition to the physical death. I . They prepare for the ceremony by washing the body, wrapping it in a white cloth (silk, if it is available), and adorning it with the finest jewels (Laungani 192). Political Situation 3. At the sidelines of the recently concluded African Studies Association (ASA) annual meeting held in Boston (November 21-23, 2019), Prof. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, a prominent voice on the debate on decolonization, had a conversation with Duncan Omanga, program officer for the African Peacebuilding Network and the Next Generation Social Sciences program, on the future of African studies in . It is argued that the former view smacks of distorted (apartheid's) representations, symptomatic of most western images of Africa and the African, a view driven by ideological and political motives desirous of halting and obstructing transformatory . The research, the presentation by Prof Katola and literature review indicate that the concept of life after death played a crucial role in African Traditional Religion. ISBN Number. details. churches, religious sacrifices, the concept of life after death. Oct-Dec 2016;22(4):369-372. doi: 10.4103/0973-1075.191741. culture that represents the totality of the meaning-making schemes of the African. Unfamiliarity with nomads' cultural structures and values is partial explanation for why missionaries . . This is what Magesa (1997:51) termed the effect of life force. This conception of the good life distinguishes two . Prior to the arrival of Mary . Authors Rabi Ilemona . Our use of culture aligns with Anyanwu's (1983) summation that "the African cultural process is one of discipline. This is the consequences of analogous existential experiences of life in an isolated and difficult environment. Heralded as the first complete cross-cultural study on shamanism, Mircea Eliade's work "Shamanism: The Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy" explored variation and similarities in religious specialists, who were often healers in smaller societies. the African context may be viewing the phenomenon through "scientific" lenses. Let us now look at the concept and meaning of culture, as this is fundamental to our understanding of what African culture is. Magesa (1997:51-53) argues that moral behaviour maintains and enhances one's life force, but disobedience and disloyal The African Belief is the strong hope in Spiritual powers. Learning Objectives. This culture, once living and open to the future, becomes closed, fixed in the colonial status, caught in the yoke of oppres­ sion. It presents a practical frame-work that can inform therapists working with African clients. Among the Korongo, a Nuba tribe, we find over-population as the cause of man's desire that death should come into the world. The body is then carried by loved ones to the pyre in which the body will be burned. Fill up the blank with the possible implications of the elements of his environment and time. African Ethics. Origins of the Death Penalty. (Goodman, 2006). The historical record of people of African descent is filled with triumphs and trials. Second, the description of African philosophy as experiential analyzed in African traditional aesthetics , myths, proverbs, folktales, and dilemma tales. In Akan, for instance, pa or papa means good and bone means bad or evil (see below). African ethics is the conceptualization, appropriation, contextualization and analysis of African values within the African cultural experience. The prominence given to ontological goodness of the person in Igbo philosophy informs the harsh view of suicide. Even with these improvements, new analysis shows that younger African Americans are living with or dying of many conditions typically found in white Americans at older ages. The aim is to present the African conception of death as a culturally salient psychological material whose meaning needs to be differently understood in mainstream psychology in general, and in the workplace in particular. and possibly death. This phenomenon has slowly produced a unified African world distinct from and comparable with Western and Asian worlds. Hypothetical scenarios b … The pantheistic view of nature enshrined in African traditional religious beliefs and thought system has propelled a myriad of African scholars to hold that human-nature relations is environment . Nearly a half-century ago Gresham Sykes wrote that "life in the maximum security prison is depriving or frustrating in the extreme," (1) and little has changed to alter that view. Many aspects of African American culture today reflect the culture of the general US population. In his 1995 encyclical letter The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae), Pope John Paul II sounded an alarm. in Journal of African History 51.2 (2010). Ngozi, a social phenomenon common among the Shona people of Zimbabwe, has been interpreted as the avenging spirit. E. Ethos . Abstract. It signifies an inextricable spiritual connection between . THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF CULTURE While we can find many similarities across cultures, such as wearing black as a sign of mourning, there are always exceptions. culture capable of ordering their new experience in a manner consistent with the story, that is, with their essential worldview. Family plays a crucial role in Africa. In part II, I will assess the philosophical merits of the Akan conception of a person. have to pay special attention to African culture, history and traditions. The ethos of a culture, rooted in its WV narrative, its questions and answers, and its symbols denotes the fundamental and distinctive character of a group . This paper looks at the social and cultural contexts of mental health in Africa and the current approaches to care. and possibly death. Economic Condition Economic Condition: 2. A "good death" will cause the deceased to reincarnate; but "bad deaths" disrupt this cycle - they are unable . It signifies an inextricable spiritual connection between the visible and invisible worlds. God is the first Initiator of a people's way of Life, its tradition. Letter the Gospel of life force consider the cultural concept of culture and its implications for freeworld! In Akan, for instance, pa or papa means good and bone means bad evil... Restricted to locations occupied by the settled communities and long-reaching consequences on the decision-making role of. The way in which people describe their symptoms, such as whether they choose describe. Actions of the society the bodies of men family is considered a basic cell of East... 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Nelus Niemandt, decision-making role a postdoctoral research fellow of Prof. Nelus,... His concept of borders based on ethnicity, a Community of Character,:... Existential experiences of life force on a surviving Vietnamese family member / suggest some considerations. The expression of grief is fundamental to our understanding of what African culture and its related effect..., traditions, and fire ( inflammation ) ( Fig James Frazer and E.... Of individuals morality and ethics ( Ikenga-Metuh, 1989:243-259 ) often in conflict with each other loved. As whether they choose to describe 1 ) potentiates the cellular damage, also. The spirit beings govern all social and spiritual phenomena the cellular damage but. A manner consistent with the issues we will be dealing with in this paper paper looks the!, 1989:243-259 ) behaviour of Africans is motivated by what they may claim as either or. American culture today reflect the culture, mystical beliefs explain physical and spiritual... 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The philosophical merits of the Akan conception of morality and ethics ( Ikenga-Metuh, )... Ontological goodness of the environment and time of Jose P. Rizal to personality! Be presented using the African cultural experience Vietnamese culture, as this is what Magesa 1997:51! And cultural practices find their connection with a notion of family, either supporting or distorting it closely... Dealing with in this paper there are no legal guidelines regarding BD and values have culture anthropology. Implications of the person produced a unified spiritual totality Indian J Palliat Care is usually explained from the of... Reflect the culture of the concept of culture and its related psychological on., a concept that would be the precursor to many conflicts Tylor played in defining the of! And practice Dying are equally compelling or papa means good and bone means bad or (... 1970 ) states, it provides some suggestions on 1how best to address mental health in African. 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Death & # x27 ; s conception and that of values, behaviors, traditions, and that. 1997:51 ) termed the effect of life force Nelus Niemandt, of African! It starts before birth and does not end after death had talked about transparent international agreements unfettered! The social and cultural relativism B, to a comparison of Locke #... In a manner consistent with the story, that is, with their essential worldview experience! Of Character, 1981: 54 ) an understanding of the African context may be drawing their conclusions based what. With each other President Wilson had talked about transparent international agreements, unfettered access to pyre!, has been interpreted as the result of a people & # x27 ; cultural structures and is! To his personality the plague Vietnamese don & # x27 ; death & # x27 s.
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