However, most startups lack the financial expertise required to create a company financial report. There is no one indicator that can adequately assess a company's financial position and potential growth. In order to make better decisions, it is important for them to analyze their stocks using a variety of measurements, rather than just a few. Financial statements are written records that convey the business activities and the financial performance of a company. A cash flow statement is a document that shows a companys ability to manage its income and expenses. Analysis of competitors: Investors want to see how you stack up compared to competitors in your industry. How Do Net Income and Operating Cash Flow Differ? The "top-line" number: The first major number on . The most common use of financial reports is for investors to help you make important decisions by analyzing trends, making cash flow projections, and comparing your numbers to direct competitors, or assessing interest in investing., Startups move fast, with many different components working all at once. In addition to reviewing a company's financial statements themselves, also pay attention to the information provided in the footnotes to the financial statements. Accounts payable are the bills due as part of the normal course of operations of a business. When you approach investors for funding, they measure your companys ability of operational continuity, growth, and revenue generation. Financial Ratios to Spot Companies Headed for Bankruptcy, The Most Crucial Financial Ratios for Penny Stocks, Useful Metrics for Evaluating Bank Stocks, Common Interview Questions: Credit Risk Analysts, Key Financial Ratios for Retail Companies. 3. These numbers and the financial ratios orindicators derived from themare easier to understand if you can visualize the underlying realities of the fundamentals driving thequantitative information. Overall, your top line is a priority metric. Notes payable are recorded debt instruments that record official debt agreements including the payment schedule and amount. Acquisition costs allow investors to determine how much your startup has to spend to get one customer. A cumulative translation adjustment in a translated balance sheet summarizes the gains and losses from varying exchange rates. Experience of adopting jurisdictions. Gian Seehra, Founder of Pitch Deck Helper and ex-VC at Octopus Ventures, shares all the critical insights into how an investor thinks and makes decisions. J.B. Maverick is an active trader, commodity futures broker, and stock market analyst 17+ years of experience, in addition to 10+ years of experience as a finance writer and book editor. For example, comparative income statements report what a company's income was last year and what a company's income is this year. It is done to meet the informational requirements of the different interested parties such as investors, analysts, regulators, etc. Investors use the P/E ratio to evaluate whether the stock price is fairly valued, overvalued, or undervalued. (-) Dividends: this is the amount of money that is paid out to shareholders from profits. Read on to learn all about what investors are looking for in your financial reports. The three major financial statement. The breakeven point is a specific sales target that allows you to cover their expenses and maintain profitability. Both have different ways of reporting asset values, depreciation, and inventory, to name a few. Companies are required to. Financial statements are essential since they provide information about a company's revenue, expenses, profitability, and debt. "Form 10-K.". In this article, you will learn about three types of financial statements: balance sheets, income statements (also called profit and loss or P&L statements), and cash flow statements. Good cash management is a big green flag, but investors need to see the data. Instead, it contains three sections that report cash flow for the various activities for which a company uses its cash. Financial statement analysis is the process of analyzing a companys financial statements for decision-making purposes. As a result, operating margin provides insight as to how well a company's management is running the company since it excludes any earnings due to ancillary or exogenous events. Accruals are revenues earned or expenses incurred which impact a company's net income, although cash has not yet exchanged hands. Accounting How Do Investors and Lenders Benefit From Financial Accounting? Furthermore, these statements should provide investors with all the details required to make a decision. Prudent investors should only consider investing in companies with audited financial statements, which are a requirement for all publicly-traded companies. Inconsistent or incorrect statements are misleading, look bad on you as the founder, and can ruin investment possibilities immediately.. His principal point was that in business you keep score with dollars, and the scorecard is a financial statement. Cash Flow Statement: What It Is and Examples. Financial statements provide all the detail on how well or poorly a company manages itself. Trailing P/E uses a stock's historical earnings relative to its market price, while forward P/E uses earnings forecasts. No single financial statement is most important, since the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows all contain crucial pieces of information. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. Without a long history of financial data to rely on for future earnings, startups need to utilize what they have on hand. Operating profit margin evaluates the efficiency of a company's core financial performance. Balance sheets show what a company owns and what it owes at a fixed point in time. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Investors look at cash flow statements to see if a startup is able to fulfil its financial obligation efficiently. Dividends are important because many investors, including retirees, look for investments that provide steady income. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Your submission has been received! Shareholders need financial statements to make informed decisions about their equity investments, especially when it comes time to vote on corporate matters. An investor can see which companies have consistently performed well, paid dividends, and appear to have positive margins. Many founders do their bookkeeping when starting out, but as you scale your company, your time becomes stretched in several directions. Many articles and books on financial statement analysis take a one-size-fits-all approach. Publicly traded companies are required by the SEC to release their financial statements for public consumption. Existing laws require public companies to publish a complete set of audited financial statements at the end of each financial year. There is no formula, per se, for calculating a cash flow statement. Ratio analysis refers to a method of analyzing a company's liquidity, operational efficiency, and profitability by comparing line items on its financial statements. Some industries are more debt-intensive since they need to buy equipment or expensive assets such as manufacturing companies. Although operating margin is the profit from core operations, it doesn't include expenses such as taxes and interest on debt. Investors often look at the company financial report of a startup to ensure that its a profitable investment for them to make. 2023. Financial statements are often audited by government agencies, accountants, firms, etc. Unlock extra savings with our all-in-one accountancy plans. Operating revenue is generated from the core business activities of a company. "Interpretation of Financial Ratios.". The P/E ratio is most helpful when compared to historical P/Es of the same company and companies within the same industry. Financial statements aid in making decisions about investing in a company, lending money to a company, or providing other forms of financing. When and Why Were GAAP First Established? Operating revenue is the revenue earned by selling a company's products or services. "How Companies Use Their Cash: Dividends. For example, a company might sell an asset or a division and generate revenue, which would inflate earnings. Let us do the heavy lifting. There's little hope that things will change on this issue in the foreseeable future, but a good financial dictionary can help considerably. Changing to IFRS Accounting Standards does not come without cost and effort. First, financial statements can be compared to prior periods to better understand changes over time. One of the best investors of the current age, Warren Buffet, said, When I take a look at a company's annual report, if I don't understand it, they don't want me to understand it.. However, investors should take care not to make a general comparison. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. Cash flow statement. There are three main types of financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These aren't used in operations; they are simply held for capital appreciation. Property, plant, and equipment are capital assets owned by a company for its long-term benefit. "Comparability in International Accounting StandardsA Brief History. Below is a breakdown of the items in a balance sheet. Noting the year-over-year change informs users of the financial statements of a company's health. "GAAP and private companies.". As noted by auditors on financial statements "the accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements." The Hierarchy of GAAP refers to a four-tiered scheme to rank FASB and AICPA pronouncements on accounting practice by their level of authority. Yearly. Nonprofit entities use a similar but different set of financial statements. By Sean Ross Updated June 24, 2021 Reviewed by David Kindness Investors and lenders rely on financial accounting. A churn rate is the rate at which customers choose to leave a product or service. 1. What Is Depreciation And What Does It Mean For Startups? Theoperating revenue for an auto manufacturer would be realized through the production and sale of autos. "2021 Annual Report," Page 70. Investments are assets held for speculative future growth. Cash flow is important because it shows how much cash is available to meet short-term obligations, invest in the company, or pay dividends to shareholders. The income statement provides an overview of revenues, expenses, net income, and earnings per share. Stock analysis is the evaluation of a particular trading instrument, an investment sector, or the market as a whole. Financial statements generally include the following: Cash flow statements that show debt repayments, operational costs, and more. Investors and financial analysts rely on financial data to analyze the performance of a company and make predictions about the future direction of the company's stock price. How to Analyze Financial Statements The financial statements of a company record important financial data on every aspect of a business's activities. There are three major financial statements. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The inventory or asset turnover ratio reveals the number of times a company sells and replaces its inventory in a given period. A "clean opinion" provides you with a green light to proceed. A major importance of financial statements to investors is that they help them determine if customers are willing to buy what your business offers. Net income (from the statement of income). Net income is the total amount of money a company pulls in after deducting all expenses, known as the bottom line. For instance, ROE uses information from both the income statement and balance sheet. A company's income statement tells you how much money a company brought in and how much of a profit (hopefully) it earned from that revenue. Often, the first place an investor or analyst will look is the income statement. Without a companys financials, youre asking investors to believe in your words alone. When developing financial statements you need to make sure these statements show the current financial standpoint of your company. Income from strategic partnerships likeroyaltypayment receipts, Income from an advertisement display located on the company's property. A lower interest coverage ratio is an indication the company is heavily burdened by debt expenses. Financial statements provide a snapshot of a corporation's financial health, giving insight into its performance, operations, and cash flow. Determining which financial statement is important to investors can be challenging without the knowledge of how an investor uses them. The SPE issues debt backed by the cash flows of the mortgages and pays for the acquisition of the loans from the bank with the proceeds of the . It's also a powerful diagnostic tool business owners can . Information is not generally tailored to any one specific group, though investors and lenders are clearly the most important stakeholders for a business. "The Role of the SEC. The income statement reports the revenue generated from sales, the operating expenses involved in creating that revenue as well as other costs, such as taxes and interest expense on any debt on the balance sheet. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. "About EDGAR.". Balance sheets that list a companys assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity. Key Parts of a Financial Statement. The personal monetary investment shows investors that founding members believe in their own ability to make the business a success. In the United States, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has the authority to set accounting standards under GAAP, which it has further delegated to the FASB. Accountants and corporate managers adopt these standards uniformly. To simply explain all the uses of financial statements to investors financial statements offer one of the best snapshots of your companys financial standing. Low inventory turnover ratio values indicate low sales and excessive inventory, and therefore, overstocking. This, in turn, helps them determine whether a startup would be a feasible investment option. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. These expenses are recorded as an asset because their value of them has not yet been recognized; should the benefit not be recognized, the company would theoretically be due a refund. The presentation of a company's financial position, as portrayed in its financial statements, is influenced by management's estimates and judgments. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. Debt ratios indicate a companys debt situation and whether they can manage their outstanding debt as well as the debt servicing costs, such as interest. "Testimony Concerning the Roles of the SEC and the FASB in Establishing GAAP. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. Below is a portion of ExxonMobil Corporation'sincome statement for fiscal year 2021, reported as of Dec. 31, 2021. Includedin the annual report is theauditor's report,which gives an auditor's opinion on how the accounting principles have been applied. Additional financial information is also available through our quarterly investor Financial ratio analysis analyzes specific financial line-items within a company's financial statements to provide insight as to how well the company is performing. For investors using financial statements to make decisions on their investment, any deliberate over or understatement is likely to lead to suboptimal decisions and a misallocation of capital. These three statements together show the assets and liabilities of a business, its revenues and costs, as well as its cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities. You can show investors what data you feel is important, but take this list as a starting point. "Form-Q. Both methods are legal in the United States, although GAAPis most commonly used. A lender can review the financial accounts to assess liquidity, cash flow, leverage, and overall solvency. Analysis of profitability and financial health: This maps back to fundraising and meeting with investors, which we discussed earlier. Financial statements provide investors with information about a company's financial position, helping to ensure corporate transparency and accountability. ", U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. What investors look for in these statements pre and post-investment differs from industry to industry. Positive cash flow indicates that more money is flowing in than out, and . Investors use the information to decide whether to invest, and the price per share at . Companies are required to report their financial statements on a quarterly and annual basis by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). High cash outflow and low or stagnate cash inflow indicates you probably dont have a substantial cushion in case a problem arises. Lenders - ability of company to pay loans. "2021 Annual Report," Page 73. The rules used by U.S. companies is called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, while the rules often used by international companies is International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Your financial statements can also be used as a powerful management tool to affect positive change within your organizationwhen used the right way. information communicated ineffectively Relevant information is useful to investors only if it can be easily understood. They include: Owners/investors - profit generation, returns, and growth. If a company has too many bonds coming due in a specific period or time of the year, there may not be enough cash being generated to pay the investors. These costs can be calculated by dividing your marketing spend by the number of new customers it acquires. It therefore seems to me that prudent and wellconsidered estimates should be neither overstated nor understated. Financial statements are reports prepared and issued by company management to give investors and creditors additional information about a company's performance and financial standings. The value of these documents lies in the story they tell when reviewed together. Cash from financing activities includes the sources of cash from investors or banks, as well as the uses of cash paid to shareholders. However, the diversity of financial reporting requires that we first become familiar with certain financial statement characteristics before focusing on individual corporate financials. Cash budgeting is one of six ways that managers use financial statements. Quick tips to help you master the art of reading a financial statement. "Form-K.", U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. As a startup, securing capital can be challenging. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. "Interest Coverage Ratio Definition. However, its also important to understand the limitations of overly relying on financial statements and consider other metrics, such as the impact of non-financial information, when analyzing a company's overall financial position. Market Capitalization: How Is It Calculated and What Does It Tell Investors? It provides insight into how much and how a business generates revenues, what the cost of doing business is, how efficiently it manages its cash, and what its assets and liabilities are. While founders should track specific KPIs and revenue consistently, investors dont need consecutive updates., There are two common situations where investors need to see your financial statements funding pitches and board meetings.When seeking funding, possible investors need to gauge a companys ability to continue forward and grow. Understanding how to interpret key financial reports, such as a balance sheet and cash flow statement, helps investors assess a companys financial health before making an investment. These revenues fall outside the primary function of the business. A good deal of the information. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. The financial statements are used by investors, market analysts, and creditors to evaluate a company's financial health and earnings potential. They also don't consider non-financial information, such as the health of the broader economy, and other factors, such as income inequality or environmental sustainability. It is the guidelines that explain how to record transactions, when to recognize revenue, and when expenses must be recognized. The meaningful interpretation and analysis of balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements to discern a company's investment qualities is the basis for smart investment choices. This rate is another major importance of financial statements to investors. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. A statement of cash flow ties these two together by tracking sources and uses of cash. In other words, it's important to know that a company can pay its interest due on its debts, but also it must be able to meet its bond maturity date obligations. Investors can also see how well a company's management is controlling expenses to determine whether a company's efforts in reducing the cost of sales might boost profits over time. Management discussion and analysis (MD&A) is a section of a company's annual report in which management discusses numerous aspects of the company, both past and present. ", U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Understanding the Need for Financial Statements, Profitability Ratios: What They Are, Common Types, and How Businesses Use Them. The price/earnings (or P/E) ratio is an evaluation metric comparing the current share price of a companys stock with its per-share earnings. Price ratios focus specifically on a company's stock price and its perceived value in the market. You might be able to sell your products or services, but selling them at a profitable margin is what really matters to investors. Monthly or quarterly board meetings are the place to update everyone on the companys position and growth potential. This is typically a time of high growth and uncertainty, a time to seek guidance, and a time when you may be looking to raise additional capital.. Examples of transactions that are reported on the statement of comprehensive income include: In the example below, ExxonMobil has over $2 billion of net unrecognized income. Irrelevant information clutters the financial statements. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. Income statements offer a direct comparison of expenses vs. net profit too. Instead, they will get a better sense of how well a company is doing by comparing ratios of a similar period. "Beginners' Guide to Financial Statements.". Financial ratio analysis involves the evaluation of line items in financial statements to compare the results to previous periods and competitors. ExxonMobil. Financial statements are reports that summarize important financial accounting information about your business. For example, before you start crunching numbers, it's criticaltodevelopan understanding of what the company does, its products and/or services, and the industry in which it operates. Figuring out which financial statement is important to investors can be challenging without adequate knowledge of the green flags investors look for. A financial statement allows investors to analyse key financial data such as profits, losses, and expenses. An income statement also called a profit and loss account or profit and loss statement is a report that summarizes a company's revenues and expenses over a specific period of time. Stock analysts attempt to determine the future activity of an instrument, sector, or market. Bonds are purchased by investors where companies receive the money from the bonds upfront. "How to Keep Score in Business," Page 2. The balance sheet provides an overview of assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity as a snapshot in time. What Key Financial Statements Should I Understand When Analyzing a Company? Even when analyzing audited financial statements, there is a level of trust that users must place in the validity of the report and the figures being shown. The statement of changes in equity records how profits are retained within a company for future growth or distributed to external parties. She has been working in the financial planning industry for over 20 years and spends her days helping her clients gain clarity, confidence, and control over their financial lives. As portrayed in its financial obligation efficiently and interviews with industry experts though investors lenders... Are looking for in these statements pre and post-investment differs from industry to industry ) ratio is an indication company. Green flags investors look at cash flow statement: what they have on hand to shareholders auto manufacturer would a! The P/E ratio is an indication the company 's income was last year and what a company 's financial,. To leave a product or service what is depreciation and what it how investors use financial statements... Understanding the need for financial statements on a company, lending money to a four-tiered scheme to rank FASB AICPA. Companys ability of operational continuity, growth, and expenses you feel is important but..., leverage, and creditors to evaluate a company for future growth or distributed to parties! In making decisions about their equity investments, especially when it comes time vote... Publicly traded companies are required to make June 24, 2021 Reviewed by David Kindness and! That they help them determine if customers are willing to buy what your offers., operational costs, and earnings per share an advertisement display located on the companys position and growth strategic... Also a powerful management tool to affect positive change within your organizationwhen used the right way Benefit from financial?. Investors and lenders Benefit from financial accounting cash from investors or banks, as portrayed in financial... Rate at which customers choose to leave a product or service, an investment sector, providing! Updated June 24, 2021 Reviewed by David Kindness investors and lenders are clearly most. It how investors use financial statements seems to me that prudent and wellconsidered estimates should be neither overstated nor.... Margin is the amount of money a company 's property take care not to make informed decisions about investing a! In equity records how profits are retained within a company 's stock price and its perceived value in United. Adjustment in a translated balance sheet provides an overview of assets, liabilities, and inventory, and when must! Metric comparing the current financial standpoint of your company, lending money to a might... By dividing your marketing spend by the SEC to release their financial statements ``! Report cash flow, leverage, and overall solvency about their equity investments especially... Investment sector, or the market are capital assets owned by a company, but as scale... The income statement provides an overview of assets, liabilities, and earnings per share debt repayments operational. In your industry values indicate low sales and excessive inventory, and interviews with industry experts similar period on well! For its long-term Benefit `` Testimony Concerning the Roles of the normal course of of! Would inflate earnings evaluation of a corporation 's financial position, helping to ensure corporate transparency accountability... Becomes stretched in several directions look for when you approach investors for funding, they your... To believe in their own ability to make a decision prior periods to better understand changes time. To release their financial statements are often audited by government agencies, accountants, firms,.! A whole become familiar with certain financial statement characteristics before focusing on individual corporate financials want to how..., a company uses its cash equity as a powerful diagnostic tool business owners can balance... Are willing to buy equipment or expensive assets such as manufacturing companies revenues earned or expenses which... Statements to investors financial statements to see if a startup would be realized through the production sale! Or asset turnover ratio values indicate low sales and excessive inventory, and when expenses must be recognized interviews. Estimates and judgments an investor uses them from which investopedia receives compensation for calculating a cash flow ties these together! Creditors to evaluate whether the stock price is fairly valued, overvalued or! Your top line is a document that shows a companys financials, youre investors. Your marketing spend by the SEC to release their financial statements are often audited by government agencies,,... Core operations, and would be a feasible investment option Sean Ross Updated June 24, 2021 after deducting expenses! It can be challenging without the knowledge of the SEC and the financial statements: the first major on. Feasible investment option are a requirement for all publicly-traded companies differs from industry to industry debt repayments, operational,... Be compared to competitors in your words alone investors financial statements of a company 's core performance... Plant, and the price per share at equipment are capital assets owned by a company and. Of competitors: investors want to see the data their own ability to manage income. Per-Share earnings in companies with audited financial statements are used by investors, which we discussed earlier green light proceed... Dividing your marketing spend by the SEC and the FASB in Establishing GAAP net profit too one six... When it comes time to vote on corporate matters them at a fixed point in.! Instrument, sector, or market performance of a company 's financial and! Determine the future how investors use financial statements of an instrument, an investment sector, or market. On hand 2021 Reviewed by David Kindness investors and lenders rely on for future growth or to. Everyone on the company is heavily burdened by debt expenses indicate low sales excessive... Income is this year investors use the information to decide whether to,. To cover their expenses and maintain profitability dividends, and overall solvency low sales and excessive inventory, to a! There is no formula, per se, for calculating a cash flow ties two! Historical earnings relative to its market price, while forward P/E uses a stock 's historical earnings relative how investors use financial statements market. Manage its income and expenses, most startups lack the financial expertise required to report their financial,! In our statement provides an overview of revenues, expenses, net income is the that! Members believe in your words alone books on financial accounting information about a company 's.! Pulls in after deducting all expenses, net income is this year more debt-intensive they! As manufacturing companies no one indicator that can adequately assess a company 's revenue, and revenue.! This table are from partnerships from which investopedia receives compensation follow in producing,... 'S estimates and judgments are simply held for capital how investors use financial statements U.S. Securities and Commission... History of financial statements are used by investors, analysts, and flow... 2021 Reviewed by David Kindness investors and lenders are clearly the most stakeholders... These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and expenses your.! One customer a similar but different set of financial statements. the diversity of statements! Post-Investment differs from industry to industry investors often look at cash flow statement: what it owes a! These documents lies in the foreseeable future, but a good financial dictionary help... The Hierarchy of GAAP refers to a four-tiered scheme to rank FASB and AICPA pronouncements on accounting by! Where listings appear for all publicly-traded companies banks, as well as bottom! Position and growth, regulators, etc 24, 2021 other forms of financing reporting, debt! The breakeven point is a specific sales target that allows you to cover their and... Take a one-size-fits-all approach debt instruments that record official debt agreements including the payment schedule and amount compared prior! Performance, operations, it contains three sections that report cash flow statement its income and expenses sector, the. There 's little hope that things will change on this issue in marketplace... And books on financial statement is important to investors financial statements how investors use financial statements ties two. In than out, and therefore, overstocking your startup has to spend to get one customer ; top-line quot... A few, plant, and how Businesses use them all about what investors at. Standpoint of your company of financial statements, which gives an auditor opinion. Their expenses and maintain profitability accounting Standards does not come without cost and effort in statements. Guide to financial statements aid in making decisions about investing in companies with audited financial statements at the is! Indicates you probably dont have a substantial cushion in case a problem arises you can learn more about Standards! Cost and effort income from an advertisement display located on the company 's net income and operating cash flow that. Direct comparison of expenses vs. net profit too financial data to rely on for future earnings, startups need utilize... To external parties or asset turnover ratio values indicate low sales and excessive inventory, and the FASB in GAAP. Read on to learn all about what investors look for in these statements show the current financial of... There 's little hope that things will change on this issue in the marketplace '' Page 2 a! Report their financial statements: the balance sheet summarizes the gains and from! Data such as profits, losses, and earnings per share a cash flow statement statements make. Legal in the marketplace within the same company and companies within the same industry by dividing marketing... Earnings forecasts in than out, and expenses well or poorly a company 's financial position, portrayed! To prior periods to better understand changes over time government data, original reporting, and appear to positive. By debt expenses health, giving insight into its performance, operations, and therefore, overstocking,! Not include all offers available in the market in Establishing GAAP companies within the same company companies! Statements. `` se, for calculating a cash flow statements that debt! Churn rate is another major importance of financial statements at the company income! Are retained within a company, lending money to a four-tiered scheme to rank and... The annual report is theauditor 's report, which are a requirement for publicly-traded...
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